Friday, January 24, 2020
Expert Systems: The Past, Present and Future of Knowledge-based Systems :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers
Expert Systems: The Past, Present and Future of Knowledge-based Systems Expert Systems were invented as a way to decrease the reliance by corporations on human "experts" -- people who apply reasoning and experience to make judgements in a specific field, such as medicine, insurance underwriting or the operation of a power-plant. Hence, an expert system should include a database of facts and a way of reasoning about them. In many, but not all, applications it is also helpful to have a way for the system to reason with probabilities or non-Boolean truth values. Expert systems are also sometimes referred to a "knowledge-based systems". In classical AI many different reasoning methods have been tried. A few of the common ones are "forward chaining", in which conclusions are drawn from a set of facts by using modus ponens, syllogism, and other simple tools of logic; "backward chaining", which uses trickier logic, such as modus tollens; and neural nets. Most expert systems simply use forward chaining and backward chaining, with some non-Boolean component such as Fuzzy Logic only where necessary. Expert systems tend to be more practical than AI in general. It is quite possible to build an expert system in a conventional programming-language, such as COBOL, C or Java. However, much of the machinery inside an expert system can be abstracted away from any specific domain, and the main criterion in the success of an expert system is its ease of use and maintenance, not it's ability to make decisions in a fraction of a second. Therefore, it is possible to build a "knowledge system shell" which can then be prepared for almost any domain simply by listing rules and data in a standard form. Few expert systems are written in LISP, because most LISP implementations lack robust user-friendly input-output routines. A good knowledge system shell includes I/O routines, a way to accurately and generally represent facts, and an easy, efficient, accurate way to give the system inference-rules. However, even the best expert system shell is limited by the problem domain to which it is applied. One researcher divided problem domains into four categories: "Class 1. ... if the effective domain decompositions are not known and the available domain knowledge is limited to the set of allowable actions and constraints. An example of such a problem is maze traversal, where the knowledge about the structure of the maze is not available a priori. "Class 2.
Thursday, January 16, 2020
Case Study Geog
Case study: Chances Peak, Montserrat, 1995-97 – an LEDC Plymouth covered in ash from volcanic eruptions on Montserrat Montserrat is a small island in the Caribbean. There is a volcanic area located in the south of the island, called Soufriere Hills. The volcanic peak in this area is called Chances Peak, which had been dormantdormant: A volcano is classed as dormant when it is temporarily inactive but not fully extinct. for over 300 years. Then in 1995, the volcano began to give off warning signs of an eruption (small earthquakes and eruptions of dust and ash).Once Chances Peak had woken up it then remained active for a period of five years. The most intense eruptions occurred in 1997. During this time, Montserrat was devastated by pyroclastic flowspyroclastic flow: A pyroclastic flow is a very hot mixture of volcanic debris that flows downhill at high speeds.. The small population of the island (11,000 people) was evacuated[evacuated: removed or s ent away ] in 1995 to the north of Montserrat as well as to neighbouring islands and the UK. Despite the evacuations, 19 people were killed by the eruptions.This is because a small group of people chose to stay behind on the island and watch over their crops. Volcanic eruptions and laharslahars: A lahar is a destructive volcanic landslide or mudflow, consisting of a mixture of volcanic debris, mud, rock and water. have destroyed large areas of Montserrat. The capital, Plymouth, has been covered in layers of ash and mud. Homes and buildings including the only hospital, the airport and many roads have been destroyed. The graphic shows the progress of the eruption and its impact on the island. Montserrat – eruption progress and impactShort-term responses These include evacuation, money for compensation and redevelopment from the British government, unemployment due to the collapse of the tourist industry, and abandonment of the capital city. Long-term responses These include a volcanic observatory to monitor the volcano, the building of new roads and a new airport, an expansion of services in the north of the island, an exclusion zone in the volcanic region, and a growth in tourism based on the presence of the volcano. Volcanic activity has calmed down in recent years and people have begun to return to the island.
Wednesday, January 8, 2020
A Persona Of Amelia Earhart - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 424 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Amelia Earhart Essay Did you like this example?  Amelia Earhart was a well known pilot around since she was a women. She accomplished many great things. In her biggest flying mission yet, she disappeared. What happened to her? No one knows. But first let us Start from the start of her life. Her parents -Edwin and Amy Earhart- welcomed Amelia to their home as a first child on July 24, 1897. Her home was in Atchison, Kansas. 3 years later, she too did welcome a baby girl to her home as her younger sister. Her name was Muriel. Their childhood was tough. Her fathers drinking got him fired from his well paid job. The girls and their mother left to Chicago shortly after. Her mom and dad had split up. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Persona Of Amelia Earhart" essay for you Create order In 1917, Amelia traveled to Canada. There she would visit her sister. During her visit, she saw hurt soldiers. She now has second thoughts about college. She wanted to be a nurse and help injured people like the soldiers she saw. So, she started nursing at a Soldiers Hospital.        In 1920, her parents got together again and moved to california. Amelia decided to move to California as well. For $1, Amelia went on a 10 minute ride on a plane over Los Angeles. She said, As soon as we left the ground, I knew I myself had to fly. To pay for flying lessons, she had to work a lot of extra jobs for money. Pilot Anita Shooks was her teacher. She soon wanted to buy her own plane.        Amelia received a phone call in 1927. Captain Hilton Railey had an offer she could not say no to. In 1928 she flew over the Atlantic by herself. This made her the first women to do so.Though Amelia was not the pilot, the newspaper ignored the 2 men that pilotes and she got the attention.        4 years later, her new goal was to fly over the Atlantic on her own. It took 13 hours and 30 minutes. Now she was famous throughout europe and the U.S.A. A few years later, she flew from Hawaii to california putting her the first woman to do so.        She also participated in a cross-country air race. She founded women pilots called the Ninety-Nines because of their 99 members.        In 1937, she wanted to fly around the world. She set out with her navigator Fred Nooran to Thailand and Australia. Taking off in New Guinea, the U.S coast guard lost all contact with her. With that, there was no trace of them ever found. And the passengers? Never found again. That is why Amelia Earhart was famous and mysterious.
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